Mahr | Gaging Tips

Measuring Squareness with Air

| George Schuetz

The right angle is one of those things that man has created in his mind. In nature it only happens by chance.

The right angle is one of those things that man has created in his mind. In nature it only happens by chance. But the importance of this concept—which results from the perpendicular intersection of lines or surfaces—applies to many things, including architecture, civil engineering, agriculture, and manufacturing.

 

There are a number of different terms used to describe this relationship, including "perpendicularity," "90 degrees," "normalcy," and "squareness." In engineering products, which may not have perpendicular surfaces, the right angle is used in the dimensioning of rectangular coordinates. In manufacturing, the implementation and measurement of perpendicularity is never perfect and is assessed as having achieved a higher or lesser degree of perpendicularity.

 

The most common method to inspect for perpendicularity is to compare the part to a master square, which can be steel, granite, or ceramic. A faster, more automated way of making this surface plate perpendicularity check is with an electronic height gage. While the electronic height gage may not have the level of mechanical perpendicularity that is built into a precise master square, it is a very repeatable gage. And since it is repeatable, any inherent inaccuracy can be measured and corrected for, thereby improving the total performance of the gage.

 

Master squares or height gages are great for machine tools or parts where the length being checked for perpendicularity is more then 4 in (100mm). But for measuring perpendicularity where lengths are less—say a hole to a face where the hole diameter is 1 in (25.4mm) and the face about the same length—those big boys become too cumbersome to work with. There is a better way.

 

It comes back to air gaging, that same versatile tool that lets you put a lot of measuring locations in some pretty small areas. Though most frequently used for diameter measurement, an air plug and platen can be readily configured to measure perpendicularity—though it kind of measures it from inside out. Think about using a master cylindrical square: the normal way of using it is to place it on a granite surface plate to set up the reference square. The face of the cylinder is square to the surface and constitutes a comparative surface to check your part against.

 

But with air tooling for squareness, the air plug is square to the platen that holds it and is manufactured to a very high tolerance. Therefore the accuracy of the squareness plug is built into it, much like the cylindrical square on the granite plate. And rather than transfer the squareness reading from the gage to the part, the air tooling becomes the master, and the part is compared to it using the built-in air jets. Using two jets, at 180º and at different heights, sets up the method for comparing out-of-squareness.

 

As shown in Figure 1, the tooling creates the reference square and the single pair of jets will monitor the out-of-square condition of the face to the ID. This is not a static check though. The part must be rotated 180º. Comparison of total indicator reading (TIR) shows the relative squareness compared to a nominal master (usually a master ring with the face squareness controlled). The total indicator reading can be taken by watching the movement of the indicator reading from its Min to its Max value, or in the case of an electronic readout, using the dynamic mode for TIR will gather this value automatically.

 

A second method (shown in Figure 2) is very similar, but uses two pairs of opposing jets in a differential mode. Top and bottom jets on each side of the air plug are channeled to opposite sides of a special air meter to provide a differential measurement. Lack of squareness is indicated by movement of the meter hand as the part is rotated on the reference platen. This method is used primarily when squareness readings should not be influenced by any taper condition.

 

The critical thing to remember about this type of measurement is that the jets are only measuring over the distance between them. For example, the tolerance on the parts illustrated is 0.001" over the part's length of 1.00". Looking at the gage, you can roughly say the pair of jets is covering about 80% of the total length. Thus, the tolerance of the gage would be 0.0008"

 

If the length of the part and the jets are very close, you can imagine how tight some of the tolerances can get. Close attention must be paid to the actual gaging tolerance to ensure accuracy of the squareness measurement.

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. Using two jets, at 180º and at different heights, sets up one method for comparing out-of-squareness. The part is rotated 180º and comparison of the total indicator reading (TIR) shows the relative squareness compared to a nominal master.

 

 

 

Figure 2. A second method uses two pairs of opposing jets in a differential mode. Top and bottom jets on each side of the air plug are channeled to opposite sides of a special air meter to provide a differential measurement. Lack of squareness is indicated by movement of the meter hand as the part is rotated on the reference platen.

 

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